[論文寫作]常用連接詞

一、And 表示並列關係

(and)in addition/and/similarly/likewise/as well as/besides/furthermore/also/moreover/too/not only ... but/even/besides this/that

二、Sequence 顺序 (then) 

first/initially/second etc./to begin with/then/next/earlier/later/following this/that/afterwards

三、Consequence 结果 (so)

根據前面的結果，（連接詞）後開始下結論

as a result/thus/so/therefore/consequently/it follows that/thereby/eventually/in that case/admittedly

四、Contrast 語氣轉折 (but )

（連接詞）後，語氣發生轉折，通常連接詞後才是文章重點

however/on the other hand/despite/in spite of/though/although/but/on the contrary/otherwise/yet/instead of/rather/whereas/nonetheless/in contrast

五、Certainty 確定 (of course)

（連接詞）後，作者表示肯定

obviously/certainly/plainly/of course/undoubtedly

六、Condition 條件/ 因此 (if )

（連接詞）後面跟隨著某種情況發生的前提或是條件
if/unless/whether/provided that/Given that /for/so that/whether/depending on

七、Time 時間(when)

before/since/as/until/meanwhile/at the moment/when/whenever/as soon as/just as

八、Summary 總結 (in a word)

最後的總結

in conclusion/in summary/lastly/finally/to sum up/to conclude/to recapitulate /in short/in a word

九、Example 舉例  (for example)

for example/for instance/just as/in particular/such as/namely 也就是

十、Reason 原因 (because)

since/as/so/because (of)/due to/owing to/the reason why/in other words/leads to/cause

[實驗技術] 基因擴增技術

RT

PCR基本原理

PCR 常見問題與解決

Real time PCR [from the beginning]

絕對定量與相對定量（Absolute vs Relative quantification）

絕對定量分為兩種
1. Digital PCR method
不需要已知樣品，直接經由實際的PCR複製次數來決定基因表現量

2. Standard curve method
稀釋不同濃度的cDNA來建立濃度標準曲線，然後推斷受測樣品的相對濃度．
ex: 以10x系列（1, 0.1x, 0.01x ....）稀釋cDNA濃度，先進行qPCR反應，建立稀釋濃度與基因表現的標準曲線．之後受試樣品(在相同稀釋倍率下）進行qPCR，與標準曲線對照，求取基因表現差異．


相對定量
利用控制組的基因表現量做為基準線，分析受試樣品基因表現的變化量。
ex: 有興趣的是PPAR，就是比較控制組跟受試組的PPAR基因表現差異．

[論文寫作] approach, method, way, means

[資料來源：網路]

Method指做某件工作的固定模式，而且強調以效率和準確性為目的，是一種固定而且無需變化的方法。

Way指單一技巧或整個操作過程，指具有某種思路或風格的方法。對於方法或是過程本身是好是壞，不做任何評價。

Approach是学習或研究問题的方法，指解决某個具體問题所需要的各種步骤的統稱，一定是針對某個具體問題的解决方法

Means 是手段，与方法有些不同的意義。一般可以從是否公正、是否合理等方面去評估。比如by all means表示盡一切手段

搭配上的區分：


by means of(He went to school by means of taking a bus)

approach to＋n. /doing(the approach to the question)


資料的可信度 （由大到小）

Demonstrated>>indicated >>suggested

[論文寫作] 常用英文連接詞-Discussion討論

討論部分常用連接詞

Ａ. 提出自己觀點

1. 過去已有人提出的觀點： We confirm that
2.過去沒有人提過，但自己非常有信心：We believe that
3.最常用的,由結果而得到的結果：Results indicate, infer, suggest, imply that...
4.沒有信心或足夠證據的肯定：

①We tentatively put forward (interpret this to…)

②The results may be due to,  (caused by) attributed to resulted from…

③This is probably a consequence of…

④It seems that…can account for (interpret) this…

⑤It is possible that it stems from…

B.善用連接詞

常用的連接詞：
However, Also, In addition, Consequently, Afterward, Ｍoreover, Furthermore, further, although, unlike, in contrast, Similarly, Unfortunately, alternatively, parallel results, In order to, despite, For example, Compared with, other results, thus, therefore……

1. 敘述兩個觀點

AA put forward that…In contrast, BB believe or Unlike AA,
BB suggest or On the contrary (表明結論與前面不同)

2.只表明兩個對立觀點: 只用in contrast BB…

3.表明兩個觀點相近

可用AA suggest…Similarly, alternatively, BB…Or Also, BB or BB also does…

4.有因果或前後關係：可用Consequently, therefore, as a result…

5.表明更進一步的研究可用furthermore, further, moreover, in addition…

Ｃ 結論有缺失（不夠全面 或結果不好）

1 研究問題不夠全面

It should be noted that this study has examined only…
We concentrate (focus) on only…
We have to point out that we do not…
Some limitations of this study are


2 研究結果不足

The result
The results can not be used to determine (or be taken as evidence of)…
Unfortunately, we can not determine this from this data…
Our results are lack of…

3 可能采取的手段：

Not withstanding its limitation, this study does suggest…
However, these problems could be solved if we consider…
Despite its preliminary character, this study can clearly indicate…

[學術研究}AS47 Background

When?

J Biol Chem. 2002;277(25):22115-8.
A method to identify serine kinase substrates. Akt phosphorylates a novel adipocyte protein with a Rab GTPase-activating protein (GAP) domain.
Kane S1, Sano H, Liu SC, Asara JM, Lane WS, Garner CC, Lienhard GE.
---> it may be the Akt substrate by using wortmannin (Pi 3-kinase inhibitor)

Cell Signal. 2005 Jan;17(1):59-66.
Novel insulin-elicited phosphoproteins in adipocytes.
Gridley S1, Lane WS, Garner CW, Lienhard GE.
1.  AS47 mainly  express in the adipocytes
2. AS105 main express in muscle (quadriceps muscle)
3. During the differentiation, the amount of AS47 protein is increased
    From Day 2 to 8, After Day 8, the expression of AS47 is stable.

Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006 Apr 21;342(4):1218-22. Epub 2006 Feb 24.
The 47kDa Akt substrate associates with phosphodiesterase 3B and regulates its level in adipocytes.
Chavez JA1, Gridley S, Sano H, Lane WS, Lienhard GE.

1. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) is an important regulator of the cellular concentrations of the second messengers cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cGMP.
2. Expression and localization as same as  AS47, insulin did not affect the association.
3. During the differentiation, the PDE3B expression as same as the AS47.

What?


With whom?